‘Who is Amun?’

AI – ‘Amun was a major ancient Egyptian deity, often referred to as the “hidden one.” He was a god of the air and wind, and eventually became associated with creation and fertility. In the New Kingdom, Amun was combined with the sun god Ra to form Amun-Ra, the king of the gods. 

Here’s a more detailed look:

  • Early Origins:

Amun began as a local god in Thebes, associated with fertility and the wind. 

  • Growth in Power:

During the Middle Kingdom, Amun’s worship grew, and he became the patron god of Thebes. 

  • Fusion with Ra:

In the New Kingdom, Amun merged with the sun god Ra to become Amun-Ra, a powerful deity representing both the sun and the hidden, creative power of the universe. 

  • Roles:

Amun was seen as a protector of the royal family, a god of creation, and a source of fertility and abundance. 

  • Representations:

Amun was often depicted as a man wearing a headdress with two feathers, or as a ram-headed man. His skin color could be red, blue, or black, each associated with different aspects of his power. 

As Amun-Ra, he was considered the king of the gods and a creator deity, with a major temple at Karnak.’ 

‘What messages are encoded in Ancient Art?’

AI – ‘Ancient art frequently encodes messages through symbolism, mythology, and religious narratives.
These messages served to communicate beliefs, historical events, social values, and even political propaganda.
Analyzing the visual elements, symbols, and narratives within ancient artworks can reveal these hidden meanings and provide insights into the cultures that created them.
Ancient art often depicted scenes from religious texts, myths, and legends.
These depictions served as visual storytelling tools, conveying moral lessons, explaining natural phenomena, and reinforcing religious beliefs.
For example, Greek vase paintings often depicted scenes from Greek mythology, illustrating the stories of gods, heroes, and their interactions with humans.
Byzantine mosaics in churches often depicted biblical stories and figures, reinforcing Christian faith.
Ancient art could be used to convey social values, hierarchies, and power structures.

For example, depictions of rulers and elites emphasized their status and authority through elaborate costumes, symbols of power, and idealized portraits.
Art could also be used to reinforce political messages, such as propaganda for rulers or celebrations of military victories.
Roman engraved gems with portraits of emperors were used to promote their image and authority.
Ancient artists often used symbols to represent abstract concepts, ideas, and emotions.
The meaning of these symbols could vary across cultures and time periods.
For example, the lotus flower is a symbol of purity and enlightenment in many Eastern traditions, while the eagle is often associated with power and freedom in Western cultures.
By understanding the symbolic language of a particular culture, we can decode the hidden meanings within their art.
Some ancient art contains hidden messages or coded information that is not immediately obvious.
This could involve the use of secret writing systems, mathematical patterns, or symbolic representations of information.
Researchers have found evidence of encoded images in Maya art, including depictions of deities and astronomical events.

Some scholars believe that Leonardo da Vinci’s “The Last Supper” contains hidden musical notations, suggesting a musical composition encoded within the painting.
Ancient art can also reflect the personal experiences, beliefs, and cultural identities of the artists and their societies.
Through the depiction of daily life, rituals, and personal narratives, we can gain a deeper understanding of the human experience in the past.
For example, cave paintings from prehistoric times offer insights into the lives, beliefs, and hunting practices of early humans.
By studying the visual language, symbols, and narratives embedded within ancient art, we can unlock a wealth of information about past civilizations, their beliefs, social structures, and artistic expressions.’

‘What can we learn about History from Mythology and Legend?’
AI – ‘Myths and legends, while not always historically accurate, offer valuable insights into past cultures, their beliefs, and their understanding of the world. They reveal information about social structures, religious practices, and even provide clues about past events, though often through symbolic or metaphorical language. …
While myths and legends are not always factual historical accounts, they offer a rich tapestry of information about past cultures. By analyzing these stories, historians and researchers can gain valuable insights into the beliefs, values, social structures, and even historical events of past societies. They serve as a window into the human past, allowing us to understand how people thought, lived, and made sense of the world around them.’

I have just ordered two academic books about Symbols in Ancient Art – one of which is considered to be the leading text on the subject. A long time ago when I was working in Paris and regularly visited the Louvre, I bought a book which explained the hieroglyphic writing of the Zapotec (in Ancient Mexcico). While I was in Paris I tried to learn this – in vain!

‘The Zapotec script is the writing system of the Zapotec culture and represents one of the earliest writing systems in Mesoamerica.[1] Rising in the late Pre-Classic era after the decline of the Olmec civilization, the Zapotecs of present-day Oaxaca built an empire around Monte Albán. One characteristic of Monte Albán is the large number of carved stone monuments one encounters throughout the plaza. There and at other sites, archaeologists have found extended text in a glyphic script.
Some signs can be recognized as calendar information but the script as such remains undeciphered (if not undecipherable).[2] Read in columns from top to bottom, its execution is somewhat cruder than that of the later Maya script and this has led epigraphers to believe that the script was also less phonetic than the largely syllabic Maya.
According to Urcid (2005), the script was originally a logo-syllabic system and was probably developed for an ancient version of contemporary Zapotecan languages, but its application to language varieties other than “Ancient Zapotec” encouraged the development of logophonic traits.’ (Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_script).

My Q. ‘ Are any message encoded in Ancient Zaptoc Art?’

The answer is yes!

AI – ‘Zapotec art, particularly weaving, often encodes messages about nature, spirituality, and cultural identity. Common symbols include mountains, rain, necklaces, interlocking spirals, lightning, and agave, each representing aspects of their daily lives, beliefs, and connection to the gods. The art also reflects the Zapotec worldview, emphasizing transformation, interconnectedness, and the cyclical nature of life. ..

Zapotec art is not just decorative; it’s a way to preserve and transmit their history, beliefs, and cultural identity from one generation to the next, according to Mixteco.org.’

So, the next time you look at one of these ancient artefacts in a Museum, remember that what you are looking at is not just a colourful piece of cloth, but a message from the distant past, about the culture beliefs and worldview of an ancient people!

What jumps out at me is the belief that ‘all things are connected’!

My Q. – ‘Is the belief that all things are connected a cardinal principle of Sacred Geometry?’

AI – ‘Yes, the interconnectedness of all things is a core principle of Sacred Geometry. Sacred Geometry explores the symbolic and spiritual meanings found in geometric shapes and proportions, suggesting that these patterns reveal an underlying order and harmony in the universe. This belief posits that these patterns, found in nature, art, and architecture, demonstrate a fundamental unity and interconnectedness of all things.

Sacred Geometry suggests that geometric patterns are a universal language that transcends time and geography, revealing a common blueprint for creation. …

In essence, Sacred Geometry is not just about shapes and patterns, but about understanding the fundamental unity and interconnectedness of all things in the cosmos.’

This belief is shared by every Ancient Civilization I have studies in Africa, the Middle East, India, China, Australia and Central and South America.

So is Sacred geometry in effect a common cultural language amongst the Ancient Civilizations of Antiquity?

My Q. ‘Is Sacred geometry in effect a common cultural language amongst the Ancient Civilizations of Antiquity?’

AI – ‘Yes, sacred geometry was a widely shared, though not universal, cultural language among many ancient civilizations. It was used to express profound spiritual and cosmological ideas through the proportions and forms of their art, architecture, and religious practices. Different cultures incorporated sacred geometric principles into their structures, artwork, and belief systems.

Many ancient cultures recognized certain geometric ratios and shapes as having inherent spiritual or cosmic significance, and these were used to encode meaning into their creations.

The recurrence of certain geometric patterns and ratios across diverse cultures suggests a shared understanding of the cosmos and a desire to express this understanding through geometric forms.

Examples – Ancient Egyptian pyramids, Greek mathematical principles (Pythagoras, Plato), Islamic geometric patterns, and mandala designs in India and the Himalayas all demonstrate the influence of sacred geometry.’

My Q. – ‘What were the accomplishments of the Zapotecs?’

AI – ‘The Zapotecs, a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilization, achieved significant advancements in various fields. They developed a sophisticated calendar and a unique writing system, one of the first in Mesoamerica. Furthermore, they were skilled artisans, known for their pottery, jewelry, and sculptures, and their architecture, particularly at Monte Albán, demonstrated impressive stone-working techniques. The Zapotecs also established a complex social and political structure with city-states and governing systems led by priests and monarchs, according to Study.com. …

The city of Monte Albán, their capital, was a well-planned urban center with a large plaza capable of holding a significant portion of the population.

The Zapotecs had a complex religious system, with gods, temples, and rituals, reflected in their art and burial practices.

The Zapotecs engaged in trade with neighboring civilizations, and they developed irrigation systems to support their agriculture.

While known for their cultural achievements, the Zapotecs also engaged in military conquests to secure resources for their growing population.’

My Q. – ‘What became of the Zapotecs?’

AI – ‘The Zapotec civilization, while experiencing a decline before Spanish arrival, did not disappear. They were ultimately conquered by the Spanish but their culture and language persisted. Many Zapotecs today live in Oaxaca, Mexico, and Los Angeles, California, and they continue to maintain their traditions and language.

The Zapotec civilization, centered around Monte Alban, began to decline around 700-1000 CE, with Mitla eventually becoming their new capital. Factors contributing to this decline included resource depletion, drought, and inter-state conflict.

The Mixtec and Aztec peoples conquered some Zapotec lands and settlements. The Spanish conquest in the 16th century led to further challenges, including forced labor, disease, and cultural assimilation.

Despite the challenges, the Zapotecs resisted Spanish rule and maintained aspects of their culture and traditions. Today, they are one of the largest indigenous groups in Mexico, with a strong presence in Oaxaca.

Approximately 472,000 people still speak Zapotec languages, and many live in Oaxaca and other parts of Mexico, as well as in Los Angeles.’

‘Is the ancient practice of Dadirri a powerful tool for Mediators?’

Earlier today, in the course of my wide background research about Ancient Civilizations in Antiquity for my next book – see the ‘Mediation of Cultural Heritage Disputes’ page at www.carlislam.co.uk, and as background material for future YouTube video programmes – see www.artandcivilization.tv, I discovered by chance, the existence of ‘Dadirri’ (see my previous post – ‘Does Sacred Geometry exist in nature?’: https://lnkd.in/eDBATPKe)

In ancient Aboriginal Tribes, knowledge of ‘Dadirri’ (deep, inner, spiritual listening), was passed down through generations using the methods of oral traditions, storytelling, and cultural practices – like art, song, and dance.

It still is today, in Australia.

‘Dadirri’ itself is a concept emphasizing quiet, still awareness and deep listening.

This made me wonder whether ‘Dadirri’ could be a valuable tool for Mediators.

So, out of curiosity I asked AI – ‘Dadirri a form of deep listening and silent awareness for Mediators?’

AI answered –

‘Yes, Dadirri, a concept from Aboriginal Australian culture, can be a valuable tool for mediators.

Dadirri is described as “inner, deep listening and quiet, still awareness”.

It emphasizes being present, attentive, and receptive to both internal and external experiences, which can enhance a Mediator’s ability to understand the nuances of a conflict and facilitate constructive dialogue.

Here’s why Dadirri is relevant for Mediators:

Enhanced Presence:

Dadirri promotes a state of mindfulness and deep presence, allowing Mediators to be fully engaged with the parties involved in a conflict.

Improved Understanding:

By cultivating a quiet, still awareness, Mediators can better understand the emotional undercurrents and unspoken needs of those in conflict.

Respectful Communication:

Dadirri fosters a sense of respect and reciprocity, which can create a safer and more productive environment for communication and negotiation.

Conflict Resolution:

The practice of Dadirri can help Mediators identify underlying issues and facilitate a more holistic approach to conflict resolution.

Personal Growth:

Dadirri encourages self-reflection and personal growth, which can enhance the Mediator’s ability to manage their own emotions and reactions during challenging situations.

Essentially, Dadirri provides a framework for Mediators to connect with their own inner wisdom and to create a space for profound listening and understanding, ultimately leading to more effective and meaningful mediation processes.’

‘Does Sacred Geometry exist in nature?’

AI answered my Q. as follows –

‘Yes, sacred geometry is observed in numerous natural forms. Many natural structures, from the microscopic to the cosmic, exhibit geometric patterns and proportions that are considered sacred. These patterns are often associated with harmony, balance, and the underlying order of the universe.

Examples of Sacred Geometry in Nature:

Spirals:

Shells like the nautilus, sunflower seed heads, and even galaxies exhibit spiral patterns that follow the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio, according to some naturalists.

Hexagons:

Honeycomb structures, snowflakes, and even some insect eyes are composed of hexagonal shapes, which are known for their efficiency and strength.

Circles:

Many natural forms, such as sunflowers, water lily pads, and even the cornea of the eye, feature circular or spherical shapes, representing wholeness and unity.

Pentagons:

The five-pointed star or pentagon is found in the structure of certain flowers like the purple iris and star fruit, and also appears in the arrangement of some seed heads.

Triangles:

The branching patterns of trees and the structure of crystals can be analyzed using triangular geometry.

Symmetry:

Many flowers and animals exhibit radial symmetry (like a starfish) or bilateral symmetry (like a butterfly), which are considered fundamental to their structure and aesthetic appeal.

Significance of Sacred Geometry in Nature:

The presence of sacred geometric patterns in nature is often interpreted as evidence of an underlying mathematical order and interconnectedness in the universe. This has led to the belief that these patterns hold symbolic and spiritual significance, influencing various cultures and traditions throughout history.

Connections to Sacred Geometry in Art and Architecture:

The principles of sacred geometry are also found in various art forms and architectural designs, such as mandalas, temples, and cathedrals. These structures are often designed to incorporate geometric patterns believed to evoke a sense of harmony, balance, and spiritual connection.’

Comments added:

My Q. ‘Does Sacred Geometry exist in music?’

AI – ‘Yes, the principles of Sacred Geometry, which link mathematics, nature, and spirituality, are believed to be reflected in music. Many cultures have long recognized the connection between geometry, sound, and the fundamental structures of the universe, suggesting that music’s harmonic and proportional qualities are not arbitrary but rather follow geometric patterns.

Sacred Geometry, including the Golden Ratio, is used to understand the mathematical relationships within musical scales, chords, and melodies, creating aesthetically pleasing and harmonious compositions.

The study of cymatics reveals how sound frequencies can create geometric patterns when they vibrate through a medium, further linking sound and geometric forms.

Music theory itself is based on geometric principles, with relationships between notes and intervals forming geometric patterns. Musicians often describe musical phrases and melodies using spatial terms like “shape” and “contour”. …

In essence, the idea is that the same geometric principles found in nature and physical structures can also be found in the patterns and proportions of music, creating a sense of harmony and order.’

‘How old is Axum?’

AI – ‘Axum is an ancient city with a history spanning approximately 3,000 years. It is considered the cradle of Ethiopian civilization and is the oldest city in Ethiopia, according to Untamed Travelling. The city is located in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia.’

My Q. ‘Is knowledge of Sacred Geometry evident at Axum and at other ancient sites in Africa?

AI – ‘… the architecture and artifacts of Axum and other ancient African sites do exhibit geometric principles and patterns, suggesting a sophisticated understanding of spatial relationships and proportions. These principles are evident in structures like the Axumite stelae, the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, and the design of various artifacts. …

The massive stelae of Axum, particularly the “obelisk,” demonstrate an advanced understanding of stone cutting and monument construction, utilizing geometric shapes and proportions.

Senegambian stone circles – These circles, along with the monoliths of the Cross River, suggest an emerging architectural understanding rooted in geometry.

Tellem finds – Archaeological discoveries from the Tellem caves, including perishable materials like baskets and textiles, reveal geometric patterns and explorations of form and symmetry.

Bandiagara Cliff – The architecture and artifacts found in the caves of the Bandiagara Cliff in Mali provide further evidence of geometrical exploration in African cultures.’

‘How did ancient civilizations in Central and South Amercia discover the existence of Sacred Geometry?’

AI – ‘Ancient civilizations in Central and South America likely discovered sacred geometry through observation of nature, mathematical explorations, and spiritual practices. …

Ancient civilizations developed sophisticated mathematical systems, including geometry. They used these systems to build impressive structures, create intricate art, and develop complex calendars. The discovery of geometric principles like the Golden Ratio, the Fibonacci sequence, and the relationships between shapes likely led to an understanding of their symbolic and spiritual significance.

Many ancient cultures had spiritual beliefs that connected the physical world to the spiritual realm. They saw geometric forms not just as mathematical concepts but as symbols of cosmic order, spiritual enlightenment, and the interconnectedness of all things.

[The Maya, the Incas and] many ancient cultures in Central and South America, such as the Olmec, Aztec, and various Andean cultures, also incorporated sacred geometry into their art, architecture, and religious practices.

‘Who first wrote about Sacred Geometry?’

AI – ‘… Ancient cultures like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Mayans integrated geometric forms into their sacred architecture and art, viewing them as a form of ancient science … the formal study of geometry, which forms the basis of sacred geometry, began with the ancient Greeks, particularly with Pythagoras.

The idea of a god creating the universe according to geometric principles has ancient origins, with Plutarch attributing the belief to Plato.

The ancient Greeks, particularly Pythagoras, made significant strides in formalizing the study of geometry and exploring the mystical relationships between numbers and shapes, according to Nature of Flowers.

Pythagoras’s work on the Pythagorean theorem was a pivotal moment in geometric knowledge, and he and his followers believed these mathematical truths held keys to understanding the universe.

Plato further developed the concept of sacred geometry, particularly with his description of the five Platonic solids, which became central to the field.

The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in ancient wisdom, with thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci exploring the intersection of art, science, and spirituality through geometric principles.’

My Q. – ‘Does Sacred Geometry appear in ancient art?’

AI – ‘Yes, sacred geometry is evident in ancient art across various cultures and time periods. Ancient civilizations often incorporated geometric shapes and ratios into their art and architecture, imbuing them with symbolic and spiritual meanings.

The Great Pyramid of Giza, with its precise dimensions and alignment with the cardinal points, demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of geometric principles. The Egyptians believed that these shapes held divine qualities and used them in temple and pyramid construction.

Philosophers like Pythagoras explored the connection between geometry, mathematics, and the cosmos, influencing Greek art and architecture.
Islamic Art and Architecture:

Intricate geometric patterns, such as those found in the Alhambra and mosques, reflect the belief in the underlying order and unity of the universe.

Mandala and yantra designs, used in temples and fortifications, are based on sacred geometric principles.

Geometric ratios and shapes were incorporated into the design of cathedrals. …

Leonardo – His famous “Vitruvian Man” drawing, based on the writings of Vitruvius, exemplifies the application of sacred geometry to human proportions.’

AI – ‘Specific Examples – Egypt: The pyramids of Giza and temple layouts were designed with geometric principles, including the Golden Ratio and Pi according to HowStuffWorks and Rare Earth Gallery.

Greece: Philosophers like Pythagoras and Plato explored the mathematical and metaphysical significance of geometric forms, linking them to music, vibration, and the structure of existence.

India: The Sri Yantra, a sacred diagram, is one of the oldest known examples of sacred geometry.

Kabbalah: The Tree of Life diagram is a map of spiritual ascent using geometric principles.

Beyond Aesthetics – Sacred geometry was not just about aesthetics; it was believed to have inherent power and meaning, with specific shapes representing natural laws and energetic principles.

Interconnectedness – Sacred geometry was seen as a way to understand the interconnectedness of all things, bridging cultural and religious boundaries.’

My Q. – ‘What knowledge existsed in Antiquity about Sacred Geometry?’

AI – ‘In Antiquity, sacred geometry was understood as the symbolic and geometric patterns found in nature and used in religious structures and art, believed to reveal the underlying order of the universe. Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Mayans incorporated geometric principles into their art and architecture, seeing them as a way to connect with the divine and understand the cosmos.

Sacred geometry was seen as a universal language that reflected the underlying structure and harmony of the cosmos.

Geometric shapes and ratios, such as the Golden Ratio, were believed to be part of a divine blueprint, influencing the creation of both natural and man-made forms.

Many ancient cultures, including the Egyptians (pyramids), Greeks (philosophy and architecture), and Mayans (temples), utilized sacred geometry.

Sacred geometry was employed in the design of temples, pyramids, mandalas, and other sacred spaces to enhance spiritual experiences and connect individuals to the divine.’


‘Is the Hegaxon found in Antiquity?’

AI – ‘Yes, the hexagon is found in antiquity … and is also associated with symbolism and sacred geometry. …

Ancient Rome – The Pantheon’s dome construction, for example, incorporated a layered hexagon shape to enhance stability.

Bronze Age Pyramid – A 3,800-year-old hexagonal pyramid was discovered in Kazakhstan.

Pagan temples – In ancient pagan times, hexagons were associated with the human body and given mystical significance.

Sacred shapes – The hexagon appears in the Flower of Life, a sacred geometric pattern found in various cultures and architectures.

Harmony and balance – The hexagon, often formed by two interlocking triangles, symbolizes harmony, balance, and the union of male and female energies.

Mystical meaning – In ancient times, the hexagon held mystical and sacral meaning.’

‘What does the Hexagon signify on Sacred Geometry?’

AI – ‘In sacred geometry, the hexagon symbolizes balance, harmony, and the potential for life. Its symmetrical shape, with six equal sides and angles, represents equilibrium and stability. Furthermore, the hexagon’s connection to nature, particularly in structures like honeycombs and crystals, highlights its association with natural order and efficiency.

The hexagon’s symmetrical form is a visual representation of equilibrium and stability.

Hexagons are found in natural structures like honeycombs, and crystals, showcasing their role in the natural world.

In sacred geometry, the hexagon is seen as a shape that embodies the potential for life, often found in symbols like the Flower of Life.

The hexagon can symbolize the integration of the spiritual and material worlds, as well as the connection of different parts to form a whole.

In energy contexts, the hexagon is believed to facilitate smooth energy flow, making it a shape associated with harmony in environments and systems.

Some spiritual traditions link the hexagon to the heart chakra, signifying love, compassion, and connection.’

My Q. – ‘Is Sacred Geometry mentioned in the religious texts of Hinduism and Buddhism?’

AI – ‘Yes, sacred geometry is deeply embedded in the religious texts and practices of both Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism, concepts like the Sri Yantra and Vedic altars (yajña vedis) are prime examples of sacred geometric designs used in rituals and meditation. Similarly, Buddhism utilizes mandalas and stupas, which are based on geometric principles, to represent the cosmos and facilitate spiritual practice.

Sri Yantra – This intricate geometric diagram, composed of interlocking triangles, is a powerful symbol representing the universe and the divine feminine and masculine energies.

The Sulbasutras, ancient Sanskrit texts, provide detailed geometric rules for constructing Vedic altars (yajña vedis), demonstrating a sophisticated understanding of geometry in religious contexts. …

The seven energy centers in the body, known as chakras, are often represented by specific geometric symbols.

Mandalaa – These intricate circular designs, often incorporating geometric patterns, are used in meditation and are believed to represent the universe and the path to enlightenment.’

…more

My Q. – ‘Is Sacred Geometry mentioned in the religious texts of Christianity, Islam, or Judaism?’

AI – ‘While sacred geometry isn’t explicitly mentioned as a topic in the religious texts of Christianity, Islam, or Judaism, it is a concept that is deeply embedded in the symbolism and architecture of these religions. The use of specific geometric shapes and patterns, like the hexagram in Judaism, or the intricate geometric designs in Islamic art, are seen as expressions of divine order and are often connected to cosmological beliefs. …

Islamic art is renowned for its intricate geometric patterns and designs, which are believed to reflect the divine order and unity of creation.

Geometric designs in Islamic art are often linked to Islamic cosmology and philosophical concepts.

The hexagram, also known as the Seal of Solomon, is found in Islamic art and is associated with the union of opposites and cosmic balance.

Sacred geometry plays a role in Kabbalistic teachings, with specific geometric forms associated with different aspects of the divine and the cosmos.’

 

Q. – ‘What is Sacred Geometry?’

AI – ‘Sacred geometry refers to geometric shapes and patterns that are believed to hold symbolic and sacred meanings. It’s associated with the belief that these shapes and proportions are fundamental to the structure of the universe and reflect a divine order. These shapes, often found in nature and religious art, are thought to represent underlying laws of creation and interconnectedness.

Sacred geometry utilizes shapes like circles, squares, triangles, spirals, and the Golden Ratio, assigning them symbolic and spiritual significance.

It’s considered a blueprint of creation, revealing how energy organizes itself in all things, from the smallest cells to the largest galaxies.

It suggests that the universe operates according to precise, harmonious geometric relationships. …

The Sri Yantra and mandalas in Hinduism are used as objects of focus in meditation, and ancient civilizations like the Mayans and Egyptians independently built pyramids, reflecting a shared understanding of geometric principles.

In essence, sacred geometry proposes that there’s a deep, geometric language underlying the cosmos, revealing the interconnectedness of all things and suggesting a divine creator.’

My Q. ‘Is the Ancient Chineese Art of Feng Shui derived from Sacred Geometry?’

AI – ‘While not explicitly derived from it, Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese art of harmonizing with one’s environment, shares fundamental principles with Sacred Geometry. Both systems utilize geometric shapes and patterns to understand and create balance and harmony, suggesting a deep connection in their underlying philosophies. 

Both Feng Shui and Sacred Geometry explore the idea that geometric forms and arrangements can influence energy flow and create harmonious spaces. …

[Both Geometric Patterns in Sacred Geometry & Feng Shui] emphasize the interconnectedness of everything, suggesting that the arrangement of elements in a space can affect the well-being of individuals within that space. 

Both Feng Shui and Sacred Geometry have spiritual dimensions, with practitioners often seeking to align themselves with cosmic order and universal principles through their practices. 

The Forbidden City, with its symmetrical layout and central axis, exemplifies how Feng Shui principles, rooted in geometric patterns, can be applied to create a harmonious and powerful space.’

AI cont (my final comment) …

‘The idea that specific frequencies could influence matter, including potentially aiding in construction or even healing, was also present.

Platonic thought, with its emphasis on the geometric vision of the cosmos based on the golden section and Platonic solids, is seen as closely aligned with the “Physics of Resonances”.

Ancient thinkers like Plato and Pythagoras believed that the universe was governed by harmonic principles and that understanding these principles could unlock the secrets of reality.

The concept of the universe as a harmonic whole, where everything is interconnected through vibration, is a recurring theme in ancient philosophies.’

My supplementary Q. – ‘Use of specific frequencies to influence matter to cure cancer?’

AI – ‘While specific frequencies are being explored in cancer research, particularly through electromagnetic fields and ultrasound, they are not yet established as a cure for cancer. Current research focuses on using these frequencies to selectively target and affect cancer cells, but more clinical evidence is needed to confirm their effectiveness as a primary cancer treatment.’
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My final Q. is – ‘What understanding existed in Antiquity about the principles of frequency, resonance, and the relationship between geometric patterns and vibrational energy?’

AI – ‘In antiquity, there was a deep-seated belief that the universe was fundamentally based on harmonic principles, with a strong connection between frequency, resonance, and geometric patterns. This understanding was rooted in observations of natural phenomena and philosophical inquiry, leading to theories about the universe’s creation and structure stemming from vibrational energy.

The concept of resonance, where objects vibrate in sympathy with each other, was also understood in antiquity.

This led to the belief that everything in the universe is interconnected through vibrational energy, a concept explored by scientists like Nikola Tesla.’

Cont in my final comment … LikeReply8 impressions

My penultimate Q. IS -‘What knowledge of Sacred Geometry is required to cut and move stone using Resonance and Vibration?’

AI – ‘While the exact knowledge needed for manipulating stone with resonance and vibration remains largely theoretical and debated, a deep understanding of Sacred Geometry, particularly its connection to sound and vibration, is considered crucial. This includes understanding how geometric shapes and proportions relate to vibrational frequencies and how these frequencies can interact with matter, potentially leading to methods for cutting and moving stone.  …

While the practical application of Sacred Geometry to cut and move stone with resonance and vibration is still largely theoretical, understanding the principles of frequency, resonance, and the relationship between geometric patterns and vibrational energy is considered crucial. Further research into cymatics, energy fields, and ancient knowledge may reveal more about the potential of this approach.’LikeReply14 impressions

My next Q. is – ‘In theory, in Antiquity could ancient civilizations have used a lost technology of Resonance and Vibration to cut and move blocks of stone?’

AI – ‘While it’s a fascinating theory, there’s no credible evidence to support the idea that ancient civilizations used resonance and vibration to cut and move massive stones. While some propose that sound waves could have been used for levitation or to weaken the stone, such claims lack scientific basis and are largely speculative according to some science and history sites, according to some social media platforms. The prevailing understanding is that ancient builders employed a combination of ramps, levers, and potentially ingenious pulley systems, along with a lot of manpower, to accomplish these feats. …

Some proponents of the resonance/vibration theory point to unexplained precision in ancient structures, but these can be explained by meticulous planning, surveying, and the use of simple tools like plumb bobs and sighting devices.’LikeReply12 impressions

My next Q. is – ‘In Antiquity how could civilizations cut large blocks of stone without using saws, drills, and heavy machinery?’

AI – ‘Ancient civilizations employed a combination of fire, water, and manual tools to cut large stone blocks, often relying on the natural properties of materials and the power of observation. They used methods like fire-and-water to fracture rock, wooden wedges to split it, and abrasives like sand or crushed quartz with copper or bronze chisels to shape and smooth surfaces. …

Ancient builders also relied on their understanding of natural stone formations and cracks. They would exploit these weaknesses to guide their cuts and split stones along desired lines.

While some debate continues about the exact methods and precision achieved, it’s clear that ancient civilizations developed sophisticated techniques for working with stone, demonstrating ingenuity and resourcefulness in the absence of modern machinery.’LikeReply21 impressions

My Q. – ‘Today is anybody using Resonance and Vibration to cut and move blocks of stone?’

AI – ‘While the idea of using resonance and vibration to cut and move stone is fascinating, there’s no widespread, modern use of such techniques for these purposes. However, research into acoustic levitation and the potential for using sound waves to manipulate materials, including stone, is ongoing.

Scientists have demonstrated the ability to levitate small objects using focused sound waves. This technique, known as acoustic levitation, relies on creating pressure nodes in the air that can trap and suspend objects. While promising, it’s currently limited to small objects and specific laboratory conditions. …

Contemporary research focuses on understanding the resonance characteristics of rocks and materials. This includes studying how vibrations affect the stability and fracture of rocks, which could potentially inform future stone-cutting techniques.

Despite the research and theories, there’s no evidence of widespread, modern-day use of resonance and vibration to cut and move large blocks of stone. Traditional methods like saws, drills, and heavy machinery are still the primary tools used in the stone industry.’
LikeReply17 impressions

AI cont … ‘Resonance and Vibration – The core concept in both cymatics and these fringe theories is resonance and vibration. If a material (like stone) is subjected to a frequency that matches its resonant frequency, it can be more easily manipulated.

In essence, the study of cymatics provides a visual link between sound and
geometric forms, which aligns with the principles of sacred
geometry. While the ideas of cutting or moving stone with sound remain
speculative, the connection to cymatics and sacred geometry provides a
framework for exploring these possibilities.’
LikeReply21 impressions

AI cont … ‘Cymatics shows how sound frequencies create geometric patterns when applied to mediums like sand or water. These patterns can resemble sacred geometric shapes.

Cutting/Moving Stone with Sound – There are fringe theories suggesting that ancient civilizations might have used sound or resonant frequencies to manipulate stone. While not scientifically proven, these theories often link back to the principles of cymatics and sacred geometry, suggesting a potential understanding of sound’s vibrational power.

Potential
Connections:

Geometric
Patterns in Sound – Cymatics reveals how sound waves produce geometric
patterns, which can be seen as a visible representation of sacred geometry
principles.

Ancient Knowledge – Some believe that ancient cultures possessed knowledge of manipulating materials with sound, potentially understanding and utilizing cymatic principles in construction or other applications.’

Cont in my next comment … LikeReply11 impressions

‘Is there a relationship between:

(i) Sacred Geometry

(ii) Cymatics

(iii) Cutting stone blocks using sound waves

(iv) Moving stone blocks using sound waves?’

AI – ‘Yes, there are potential relationships between sacred geometry, cymatics, and the concepts of using sound waves to cut or move stone blocks. Cymatics, the study of visible sound vibrations, demonstrates how sound frequencies create geometric patterns, echoing principles of sacred geometry. While there’s no scientific evidence for sound-based stone cutting or moving in historical construction, these ideas are explored in theories connecting ancient knowledge with modern scientific concepts.’

Cont in my next comment … …moreLikeReply11 impressions

‘In sacred geometry, the Golden Ratio is considered a fundamental principle that governs proportions and harmonious relationships in various geometric forms, including spirals, rectangles, and other shapes.

Applications:

The Golden Ratio is found in various natural phenomena, including the arrangement of leaves on a stem, the spiral patterns of seashells, and the proportions of the human body. It has also been widely used in art, architecture, and design to create aesthetically pleasing and balanced compositions.

Examples:

Some examples of its application include the Parthenon in ancient Greece, the Great Pyramids of Giza, and various works by Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci, who used it to create harmonious compositions.’

How did Roman and Greek coins from Antiquity end up in the ground in South Africa?’

I asked AI – ‘Has a Roman or Phoenician coin ever been found in South Africa?’

AI answer – ‘Yes, ancient Greek and Roman coins, and even coins with possible Phoenician connections, have been found in South Africa. Specifically, a hoard of ancient coins was discovered in Pondoland, and another coin was found near Mount Edgecombe in Natal. There are also reports of possible Phoenician ship remains found near Cape Town. …

These discoveries, while significant, are not fully conclusive evidence of widespread ancient presence or trade with Southern Africa. However, they do suggest that ancient Mediterranean civilizations had some level of contact with the region.’

See also my previous post – ‘Is AI the new Indianna Jones?’: https://lnkd.in/eGXq4UTP

While there’s a story from Herodotus about a Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa, it’s not widely accepted as factual, according to historical sources. Herodotus mentions a Phoenician expedition, possibly commissioned by Pharaoh Necho II, that allegedly sailed around Africa. However, the details are sparse, and many scholars doubt its authenticity.

While the Romans had contact with North Africa, their knowledge and exploration of sub-Saharan Africa, including the southern regions, was limited. They did not venture far enough to reach the area of modern-day South Africa.

There is no evidence of Roman settlements or exploration in the area that is now South Africa.

Bartolomeu Dias is credited as the first European explorer to round the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, according to Britannica and Wikipedia. He named it “Cabo das Tormentas” (Cape of Storms), later renamed Cape of Good Hope by King John II of Portugal. Vasco da Gama followed a decade later, rounding the Cape in 1497 on his way to India.

While there are accounts of a rumoured Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa commissioned by Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II around 600 BCE, as reported by the Greek historian Herodotus, its veracity is debated and there is no definitive proof.

So, how did Roman and Greek coins from Antiquity end up in the ground in South Africa?

I then asked AI –  ‘Was there a trade in gold, involving South Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and India, during Antiquity?’

There was.

In my previous post I also asked AI – ‘Are any Ancient African Number Systems based upon Ancient Egyptian Number Systems?’

I posited – could it have been the other way around!

AI’s answer surprised me.

So, I asked AI – ‘Is there any astrological alignment between:

(i)         Adam’s Callender;
(ii)        Great Zimbabwe; and
(iii)       The Giza Pyramids

AI answered – ‘Yes, there are claims of an alignment between Adam’s Calendar, Great Zimbabwe, and the Giza Pyramids, specifically along a longitude of 31 degrees East.

This alignment is often cited in the context of theories about ancient civilizations and their understanding of astronomy and energy grids …

Adam’s Calendar:

A stone circle in South Africa, believed by some to be the oldest man-made structure and a solar calendar, is suggested to be aligned with the other two sites.

Great Zimbabwe:

A ruined city in Zimbabwe, also believed to have astronomical alignments, is proposed to be part of this longitudinal alignment.

Giza Pyramids:

Particularly the Great Pyramid, are theorized to be aligned with specific stars (like Orion’s Belt) and possibly share this longitudinal alignment with the other two sites.’

Going off on at a tangent at the moment for fun – As my birthday is 22/7 out of sheer curiosity I asked AI what this ratio signifies in ‘Sacred Geometry’.

AI answered – ‘In Sacred Geometry, both pi and the golden ratio (phi) are considered fundamental constants that appear throughout nature and are believed to embody divine proportions and harmonious relationships. Pi, with its value of approximately 3.14159, is associated with circles and curves, representing cyclical patterns and wholeness. The golden ratio, approximately 1.618, represents a specific proportion found in many natural forms, suggesting a divine blueprint for beauty and balance.’

pi is present at Giza but not at Adam’s Calendar or in Great Zimbabwe.

I am descended in part from wandering herbalists who lived in Manchuria (in NE China) and Egyptians (both on my later Father’s side), and Celts (who lived in Wales) and Anglo-Saxons who lived in England (on my Mother’s side).

So, given my ‘Egyptian’ connection I am delighted to learn that some of my ancient ancestors knew about pi.

My middle name, which was given to me at birth, is Amir-ul.

According to AI – “Amir-ul” is a combination of the Arabic word “Amir” meaning “commander,” “prince,” or “leader,” and the definite article “ul,” which signifies “of the”. Therefore, “Amir-ul” translates to “the commander” or “the prince”. It is often part of honorific titles like “Amir-ul Mukminin” (Commander of the Faithful).

This is part of a long tradition of family names, and I am not sure why. AI could not provide an explanation!

Don’t panic! – So far, I have received no golden tribute – except of course knowledge! and nobody bows when I enter Tesco or the Co-Op. How times must have changed!

I am descended in part from wandering herbalists who lived in Manchuria (in NE China) and Egyptians (both on my later Father’s side), and Celts (who lived in Wales) and Anglo-Saxons who lived in England (on my Mother’s side).

So, given my ‘Egyptian’ connection I am delighted to learn that some of my ancient ancestors knew about ‘pi’.

AI – ‘Yes, there was indeed a trade in gold, involving South Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and India, during Antiquity, although the extent and nature of the trade varied across different periods and regions.

The Indian Ocean trade networks played a crucial role, with gold from Southern Africa finding its way to various parts of the world.

While not directly involved in long-distance trade in its early stages, Southern Africa (particularly the region around Zimbabwe) became a significant source of gold by the 9th century, feeding into the Indian Ocean trade network. Merchants from the Swahili coast, influenced by Indian Ocean trade, likely played a role in connecting these gold resources to broader trade routes.

The Middle East, including regions like the Persian Gulf, acted as a crucial intermediary in this trade. Ports like Siraf in the Gulf facilitated the movement of gold from East Africa and potentially South Africa towards India and other parts of the Middle East.
India’s Connection.’

‘India had established trade connections with East Africa and the Middle East, making it a recipient of gold from these regions. Archaeological evidence, such as Roman coins found in South India, further indicates the presence of trade connections and the flow of precious metals between India and the Roman world.

The Roman Empire, particularly during the Indo-Roman trade period, was a major consumer of goods from the East, including gold. While direct trade between Europe and Southern Africa is less documented, the gold from the region likely reached Europe through intermediaries in the Middle East and potentially through trade routes extending to India.
 
It’s important to note that the trade routes and the involvement of different regions varied over time. For example, the trans-Saharan trade routes also played a significant role in the movement of West African gold to North Africa and Europe, but this trade primarily flourished from the 7th to the 14th centuries, not strictly during Antiquity.’

Stranger than fiction! – Out of curiosity I also asked AI – ‘How can sound frequency be used to cut granite?’

AI answered – ‘While not a common or widely used method, sound frequency, specifically ultrasonic vibration, can be employed to cut granite with precision, though not in the way some ancient construction theories suggest. This technique involves using high-frequency vibrations to induce the granite to fracture and break, potentially allowing for controlled material removal and shaping. …

Ultrasonic vibration can be a viable method for precision cutting of granite, but it’s not a simple or ancient technique. Modern research and development are exploring its potential, but it’s not a replacement for traditional methods in most applications.’

Even more strange than fiction! – I also asked AI – ‘How can sound frequency be used to move granite blocks?’

AI answered – ‘Acoustic levitation, using high-intensity sound waves, can generate forces strong enough to counteract gravity and potentially move objects, including granite blocks. This is achieved by creating standing waves where the pressure nodes (areas of minimal pressure) can suspend objects. By manipulating these sound waves, it’s theoretically possible to levitate and even move larger objects like granite blocks, although the practical application for such large objects is still being explored.’

See also –  Scientist Explains How to Levitate Objects With Sound: https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=Scientist+Explains+How+to+Levitate+Objects+With+Sound&mid=EEEE47096F7340CDA7A5EEEE47096F7340CDA7A5&FORM=VIRE


‘Is AI the new Indianna Jones?’

Those who follow my posts may recall that I recently wrote a post about ‘Adam’s Calendar’ in South Africa, which is older than Stonehenge (see below).

I had come across this ancient monument on YouTube, by chance.

This morning I asked AI – ‘How many ancient ruins have been found in South Africa?

AI (in a ‘deep dive’) answered –

‘South Africa boasts numerous archaeological sites, encompassing a vast span of time from the Stone Age to later farming communities and even colonial era remains.

The region holds some of the earliest evidence of human origins and tool-making, like those found at the Sterkfontein Caves within the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site.

There are extensive Stone Age sites, including caves and rock shelters that document millions of years of human habitation and lifestyle.

Significant finds at Blombos Cave include the oldest known engravings created by humans, dating back over 77,000 years.

Many Iron Age settlements exist in the eastern parts of the country, revealing the presence of early farming communities.

The Blaauboschkraal stone ruins in Mpumalanga represent a complex stone walling system built by the Bokoni people around the 16th century.

The city of Kweneng, near Johannesburg, is another prominent example. This pre-colonial Tswana capital was occupied from the 14th to the 19th century and spanned about 20 square kilometers.

The Drakensberg region is famous for its concentration of Bushman rock art, with over 30,000 recorded images.

According to Wikipedia, there are 62 pages listed in the “Archaeological sites in South Africa” category.

Instead of a definitive number, there is a wide array of ancient ruins across various periods and types of sites, highlighting the rich archaeological history of South Africa.’

I then asked AI – ‘Do any ancient ruins found in South Africa predate the Egyptian & Sumerian civilizations?’

AI answered – ‘Yes, some ruins in South Africa predate the civilizations of Egypt and Sumer. Notably, the site known as Adam’s Calendar, estimated to be 75,000 years old, is considered the oldest known man-made structure on Earth. This predates the rise of the Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations, which emerged around 3100 BCE and 4500 BCE respectively.’

Why then, do so few people know that a sophisticated ancient civilization which possessed an advanced knowledge of science, mathematics, engineering and astronomy, had flourished in South Africa before the Europeans arrived and colonised this ancient land?

My next Q. – ‘What knowledge of mathematics did ancient people in south africa possess?’

AI – ‘Ancient people in South Africa possessed significant knowledge of mathematics, evidenced by:
The Lebombo bone, discovered in the Lebombo Mountains, is considered the oldest known mathematical artifact, estimated to be around 35,000 years old. It features notches that may have been used for counting or measuring.

The Ishango bone, found near the headwaters of the Nile, is believed to date back to 20,000 years ago and is thought to have been used for recording arithmetic operations.

Ancient Egyptian civilization, particularly in the Pyramids, showcased advanced mathematical knowledge, including geometry and the use of the decimal system.

The Yoruba number system, a sophisticated counting method, reflects the mathematical ingenuity of African cultures.

These artifacts and practices highlight the rich mathematical heritage of ancient South Africa.’

My Q. – ‘What knowledge of astronomy did ancient people in south africa possess?’

Google answer – ‘Ancient people in South Africa possessed significant knowledge of astronomy, which included:
Navigation: They used the positions of celestial bodies like the Sun, Moon, and stars for navigation and timekeeping.

Constellations: Indigenous knowledge included specific constellations, such as the Southern Cross, which were used for orientation and storytelling.

Cultural Significance: Astronomy played a crucial role in their religious practices, influencing festivals and seasonal calendars.

Indigenous Practices: The San people were known for their advanced astronomical knowledge, including the observation of celestial events and the development of oral traditions about the stars.

These practices reflect a deep connection between the stars and the cultural and spiritual lives of ancient South Africans.’

See also – ‘Science and technology in African history; Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine and Metallurgy in pre-colonial Africa’: https://www.africanhistoryextra.com/p/science-and-technology-in-african

My Q. – ‘What knowledge of engineering did ancient people in south africa possess?’
AI – ‘Ancient people in South Africa possessed significant knowledge in various fields of engineering, including:

Metallurgy: They were skilled in iron and copper smelting, as well as lost-wax casting.

Tool Making: They produced advanced tools such as metal chisels, saws, and weapons, showcasing their engineering capabilities.

Agricultural Techniques: They developed forms of intensive agriculture, which required knowledge of engineering practices.

Stone Tool Production: Evidence of tool production by early hominins has been found across Southern Africa, indicating their technological achievements.

Indigenous Mining: They practiced indigenous mining and metalworking long before modern mining practices.

These advancements reflect the engineering knowledge and skills of ancient South Africans.’

Now back to my Q. – why do so few people know about this?
Well in part I think I discovered the answer yesterday while researching for my next talk and book about the ‘mediation of Cultural heritage Disputes.’ I was seeking to understand what historically has shaped Museum policies about the return of Cultural Treasures. What I discovered – an almost hidden history, it that as archaeology developed along with anthropology, several elements engaged in theories based on beliefs of racial or ethnic inferiority. This amounted to a near consistent effort to divorce ancient remains form the contemporary people who were descendants of the ancient people who created the remains. These racist, imperial and settlor colonial- apartheid beliefs and their influence on the study of the past underlie many attitudes, even today, as to where cultural objects should be located and whether they should be returned to their place of origin. So history has been concealed behind an imperial narrative that the colonisers are superior to the colonised who could not possibly have built these monuments, i.e. because they were primitive, which as I have demonstrated with the simple aid of AI, they self-evidently were not!

I came across this on YouTube by accident after dinner last night – ‘Ancient South

African Ruins: 200,000 Years Before Egypt? Lost Civilization & Stone Circles EXPOSED!’: https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=tellerman+how+many+ancient+ruins+are+there+in+south+afics%3f&mid=3031F9CCA80BA05091EA3031F9CCA80BA05091EA&FORM=VIRE

TellIinger who is neither an archaeologist nor a mainstream academic alleges that over 10 million ancient structures exist in South Africa, see – ‘Millions of Ancient Ruins Found In Africa | Michael Tellinger’:

https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=Millions+of+Ancient+Ruins+Found+In+Africa+%7c+Michael+Tellinger+youtube&refig=688f59cf110e4e5a9ccba2f482763659&pc=DCTS&ru=%2fsearch%3fq%3dMillions%2bof%2bAncient%2bRuins%2bFound%2bIn%2bAfrica%2b%257C%2bMichael%2bTellinger%2byoutube%26form%3dANNH01%26refig%3d688f59cf110e4e5a9ccba2f482763659%26pc%3dDCTS&mmscn=vwrc&mid=57092D45E04845FF356157092D45E04845FF3561&FORM=WRVORC&ntb=1&msockid=dbbf6acd706c11f09b0414f7d3cc7961

Whatever the actual number is verified as being, I supect that it will run into the thousands. This makes me wonder what is awaiting discovery?
The Blaauboschkraal stone ruins in Mpumalanga represent a complex stone walling system built by the Bokoni people around the 16th century.

The city of Kweneng, near Johannesburg, is another prominent example. This pre-colonial Tswana capital was occupied from the 14th to the 19th century and spanned about 20 square kilometers.

The Drakensberg region is famous for its concentration of Bushman rock art, with over 30,000 recorded images.

According to Wikipedia, there are 62 pages listed in the “Archaeological sites in South Africa” category.

Instead of a definitive number, there is a wide array of ancient ruins across various periods and types of sites, highlighting the rich archaeological history of South Africa.’

I then asked AI – ‘Do any ancient ruins found in Sout Africa predate the Egyptian & Sumerian civilizations?’

AI answered – ‘Yes, some ruins in South Africa predate the civilizations of Egypt and Sumer. Notably, the site known as Adam’s Calendar, estimated to be 75,000 years old, is considered the oldest known man-made structure on Earth. This predates the rise of the Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations, which emerged around 3100 BCE and 4500 BCE respectively.’

Continued in my comments below …

So why so few people know that a sophisticated ancient civilization that had an advanced knowledge of science, mathematics, engineering and astronomy had flourished in South Africa before the Europeans came and colonised this ancient land?

Next I asked AI – ‘When the Portuguese discovered Greater Zimbabwe who did they think had built it?’

AI answer –

‘When Europeans, including the Portuguese, first encountered Great Zimbabwe [‘GZ’], they … attributed the impressive stone structures to various non-African civilizations, often linking it to the biblical Kingdom of Ophir, a source of King Solomon’s gold. Some theories … suggested connections to the Phoenicians, Greeks, or Egyptians.

The earliest European accounts, like those of Vicente Pegado in the 16th century … attributed [the stone structures] to various non-African origins.

The discovery of gold at [GZ] led to speculation that it was the legendary Kingdom of Ophir, a source of King Solomon’s wealth [i.e. King Soloman’s Mines].

Other theories proposed that the builders were Phoenicians, Greeks, or Egyptians.

Even in the late 19th century, when European explorers like Carl Mauch encountered the site, they struggled to accept that it could be the work of indigenous Africans.

Despite the evidence, colonial authorities in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) actively suppressed the truth about the site’s origins for political reasons, promoting the narrative that it was built by foreigners. …’

See also – which I have just discovered –

‘Primary Witness Testimony about War Crimes committed by the IDF & Israel’s Genocide in Gaza’

I expect that the testimony of Doctor Nick Maynard and of Tony Aguilar – see the links below, will be presented by South Africa to the ICJ in the Trial of Israel for Genocide.

I would submit that, whether: (i) the IDF have committed War Crimes in Gaza; and (ii) Israel, is carrying out a Genocide on unlawfully occupied territory in Gaza, is self-evidently beyond reasonable doubt.

I also suspect that this primary witness testimony, is merely the tip of an evidentiary ‘iceberg’, for all of those who have carried out what Professor Mearsheimer contends is the greatest crime in Modern times.

So, the perpetrators of these crimes must be held to account in a court room.

I also expect these YouTube programmes to be shown as part of their training and education about International Humanitarian Law and what legally constitutes a War Crime, to military personnel in all services around the world.

Primary evidence:

·       Israel Is Shooting BABIES In The Head – Gaza Doctor Nick Maynard: https://lnkd.in/edjc4rp8
·       US Green Beret Veteran Tony Aguilar Details the Shocking War Crimes He’s Witnessing in Gaza: https://lnkd.in/en2fD_uv
·       Former U.S. Special Ops: What I Saw in Gaza | Sen. Bernie Sanders: https://lnkd.in/ezv_RTzu

Commentary:

See also:

·       40 Peers warn Attorney General: Palestine recognition could breach international law https://lnkd.in/edUpSgB4
·       Keir Starmer’s Palestine plans could be ILLEGAL, Britain’s top lawyers warn in damning letter to PM
https://lnkd.in/ew82_kpi
·       Peers arguing Palestinian state recognition unlawful ‘missing the point’, says minister – as it happened.
https://lnkd.in/eJgmJNX5

‘Philippe Sands KC, a professor of law at University College London, pointed out that in its advisory opinion last year the UN’s top court, the international court of justice (ICJ), recognised “the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, including its right to an independent and sovereign state”.
Sands said: “I have no doubt whatsoever that if it were asked, the ICJ would reject the argument that it is somehow unlawful to recognise the existence of Palestinian statehood. Palestine meets all the legal criteria of statehood; all that remains is a political consideration, namely whether to recognise or not that those criteria are met. The court’s language makes clear that that right exists now, and it exists because all the criteria for statehood are met.” …’

See also – ‘Illegality of Israel’s presence in the Palestinian Gaza Strip and West Bank, including East Jerusalem, in the light of the 2024 Occupied Palestinian Territory Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice, and consequences for third States and the European Union Legal Opinion Dr Ralph Wilde Professor of International Law, Faculty of Laws, University College London, University of London 1 December 2024’: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/sites/laws/files/ralph_wilde_icj_opt_ao_thirdstateseu_legal_opinion.pdf

‘Israel’s presence in the OPT is, in and of itself, illegal as a violation of the international law of self-determination and the international law on the use of force, the latter violation constituting aggression, and including a violation of the prohibition of the purported acquisition of territory, a.k.a. ‘annexation’, through the use of force. This is ‘existential’ illegality—the very existence of Israel’s presence is illegal. Such illegality is distinct from ‘conduct-based’ illegality, which is also occurring—the way Israel conducts itself through its presence in the OPT is also illegal (for example, maintaining and expanding settlements, perpetrating racial discrimination generally, and apartheid in particular, and subjecting the Palestinian people to further abuses, now, in Gaza, of an extremity amounting to genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity). ‘ https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/sites/laws/files/ralph_wilde_icj_opt_ao_thirdstateseu_legal_opinion.pdf

‘What does it mean when the tools of a racist patriarchy are used to examine the fruits of that same patriarchy? It means that only the most narrow parameters of change are possible and allowable.’ ( Audre Lorde). Cited by Professor Ralph Wilde in ‘Using the Master’s Tools to Dismantle the Master’s House: International Law and Palestinian Liberation.’

Google also – ‘Using the Master’s Tools to Dismantle the Master’s House: International Law and Palestinian Liberation Ralph Wilde’.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357546769_Using_the_Master’s_Tools_to_Dismantle_the_Master’s_House_International_Law_and_Palestinian_Liberation

‘Voices: Is Keir Starmer already U-turning on Palestine?’ https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/voices-is-keir-starmer-already-u-turning-on-palestine/ar-AA1JEwXY?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=DCTS&cvid=688ca54cb6dd44b09c828ab739f60ab3&ei=16

‘When Starmer was asked, in a short encounter with journalists today, he wouldn’t give a Yes or No answer to that question, which I take to be the equivalent of “No”.

So I think British recognition will go ahead, unless something dramatic happens over the next month, such as Netanyahu ceasing to be prime minister of Israel.

I don’t think Starmer wanted to make this change. But I think he was going to do it before Emmanuel Macron changed French policy on recognition last week. Macron set the context, and Mark Carney, the leader of the third G7 nation to make the switch, confirmed it with his announcement last night.

What mattered above all was the state of opinion among Labour MPs. Starmer can remember what happened to Tony Blair in July 2006 – and if he can’t, Jonathan Powell, his national security adviser, who was Blair’s chief of staff, can remind him.’

Amb. Chas Freeman: Gaza’s Silent Hell — Genocide and Starvation in Real Time: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWWd1hE-qb0

‘This programme is dedicated to Amir – the little boy who was murdered by the IDF’ (Words of Nima Alkorshid the host of Dialogue Works).

The IDF shot Amir after he met Tony Aguilar and kissed his hand.

‘[After walking 12 miles to collect food for his family] Amir didn’t make it home. … Never [before] have I seen this level of depravity!’ (Tony Aguilar) – See US Green Beret Veteran Tony Aguilar Details the Shocking War Crimes He’s Witnessing in Gaza: https://lnkd.in/en2fD_uv