AI – ‘Turkey and Anatolia are rich in ancient ruins, reflecting a long and diverse history. Notable sites include Ephesus, Troy, Pergamon, Hierapolis, Mount Nemrut, Aphrodisias, Aspendos, and Göbekli Tepe. These sites showcase a range of civilizations, from the Hittites and Greeks to the Romans and Byzantines. 

Here’s a more detailed look at some of the key sites:

Ancient Cities & Settlements:

• Ephesus:

One of the most well-preserved ancient cities, featuring the Library of Celsus, the Temple of Hadrian, and the Great Theatre. 

• Troy:

Famous for its legendary role in the Trojan War, with remnants of its walls and fortifications. 

• Pergamon:

A major Hellenistic city known for its impressive acropolis, theater, and library. 

• Hierapolis:

A Roman spa city with a well-preserved theater, necropolis, and the Temple of Apollo. 

• Aphrodisias:

Known for its well-preserved Temple of Aphrodite, theater, and stadium. 

• Hattusa:

The ancient capital of the Hittite Empire, with impressive fortifications and temples. 

• Sagalasos:

A well-preserved Roman city in the Taurus Mountains, featuring a theater, agora, and bath complex. 

• Termessos:

A unique mountain city, known as the “Eagle’s Nest,” that was never conquered by Alexander the Great, featuring a theater, temples, and necropolis. 

• Perge:

An important Roman city with a large stadium, theater, agora, and well-preserved city walls. 

Other Notable Sites:

• Mount Nemrut:

Features colossal statues and tombs of the Commagene Kingdom, offering stunning views. 

• Göbekli Tepe:

One of the world’s oldest known temples, predating agriculture, with massive stone pillars. 

• Lycian Rock Tombs:

Intricate tombs carved into cliffs along the Lycian coast, showcasing the unique funerary architecture of the Lycian civilization. 

• Cappadocia:

Famous for its unique fairy chimney rock formations and ancient cave dwellings and churches, especially in the Göreme region. 

• Aspendos:

Features a remarkably well-preserved Roman theater. 

• Ani:

A medieval Armenian city on the border with Armenia, known as the “City of 1001 Churches,” now a ghost town. 

• Gordion:

An ancient city of the Phrygian civilization, known for its tumuli (burial mounds) and the tomb of King Midas, according to the Turkey Travel Centre.’ 

‘Why has so little been written about the ancient ruins of Turkey?’

AI – ‘While it may seem like little has been written about the ancient ruins of Turkey, the reality is that the country is rich in historical sites, some of which are well-known and extensively studied, while others remain relatively unexplored. It’s more accurate to say that some sites, like Troy and Ephesus, have received significant attention, while others, like Göbekli Tepe, are newer discoveries or less accessible, leading to a perceived imbalance in documentation. The sheer volume of historical sites in Turkey, spanning various civilizations, makes it impossible to cover them all equally, and some sites naturally receive more focus than others. 

Here’s a more detailed explanation:

• Variety of Sites:

Turkey boasts a vast array of ancient ruins, from Neolithic settlements like Göbekli Tepe to Greek and Roman cities like Ephesus and Troy. Each site offers unique insights into different periods and cultures, making comprehensive coverage a challenge. 

• Focus on Specific Eras:

Some eras, like the Roman period, have been extensively studied, with sites like Ephesus receiving significant attention and tourism. Others, like the early Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe, are newer discoveries and still undergoing excavation and research, though they are gaining more recognition. 

• Accessibility and Preservation:

The condition and accessibility of sites also play a role. Some ruins are well-preserved and easily accessible, like Ephesus, while others, like some areas of Troy, may require more imagination to envision their past glory. 

• Tourism and Marketing:

The tourism industry and how sites are marketed also influence public perception. Well-marketed sites like Ephesus and Troy attract more visitors and, consequently, more documentation. Less well-known or remote sites may receive less attention. 

• Ongoing Research:

Archaeological research is constantly evolving. New discoveries and interpretations are always emerging, and some sites may be the subject of ongoing research and debate, influencing how much is written about them at any given time.’

AI – ‘In Antiquity, deities carrying a bag-like object, often referred to as a “handbag,” symbolized a variety of concepts depending on the specific culture and context. These included knowledge, power, wisdom, and the connection between the earthly and divine realms. 

Here’s a more detailed breakdown: 

• Knowledge and Wisdom:

Some interpretations suggest the bag represented a repository of sacred knowledge, wisdom, or divine teachings. The bag’s contents were seen as essential for the deity’s role and for humanity’s benefit.

• Power and Authority:

In some depictions, the bag might signify the deity’s power or authority, perhaps holding items of ritual significance or symbols of their dominion.

• Connection to the Divine:

The bag could also symbolize the connection between the earthly and divine realms, representing the deity’s role as a mediator or bringer of blessings from the heavens.

• Practicality and Daily Life:

While less common, some theories suggest the bag might represent items used in daily life, like seeds, tools, or other essential objects, highlighting the deity’s connection to the practical aspects of human existence.

• Cosmic Symbolism:

In certain contexts, the bag might be interpreted as a cosmic symbol, representing the balance or harmony between different aspects of the universe.

• Cultural Diffusion:

The prevalence of this motif across diverse cultures, like those in Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica, and even Göbekli Tepe, raises questions about possible shared knowledge or symbolic meaning across ancient societies.

The exact meaning of the “handbag” symbol often depends on the specific artwork and cultural context in which it appears. While some theories are based on interpretations of ancient texts and artifacts, others remain speculative, highlighting the enduring mystery of this ancient motif.’ 

‘In Antiquity did the symbol of a deity carrying a bag signify the bringer of sacred knowledge and civilization?’

AI – ‘In ancient civilizations, the symbol of a deity carrying a bag is interpreted by some scholars as a representation of the bringer of sacred knowledge and potentially civilization. This interpretation is based on the recurring motif in various cultures where deities are depicted with a bag-like object. Some theories suggest it symbolizes the transmission of wisdom, secret knowledge, or even the seeds of creation. 

Here’s a more detailed look:

• Diverse Cultures:

The “handbag” or bag-like symbol appears across cultures, including Sumerian, Olmec, Maori, and Aboriginal art, as well as at sites like Göbekli Tepe. 

• Potential Meanings:

Some interpretations suggest the bag represents sacred knowledge, divine wisdom, or the tools of creation. 

• Cosmic Connection:

Others propose it symbolizes a connection between heaven and earth or the unification of the material and non-material realms. 

• Beyond Practicality:

While some suggest it could be a mundane container for tools or offerings, the widespread appearance and symbolic nature of the symbol suggest a deeper meaning. 

• Mystery Remains:

The exact meaning of the symbol continues to be debated, with some suggesting it might represent advanced technologies or extraterrestrial influence. 

• Examples:

In Maori lore, the bag is associated with wisdom from the gods, and Aboriginal traditions suggest it holds the seeds of creation. In Mesopotamian art, wise figures called Apkallu are often depicted holding similar objects, according to a Facebook post.’ 

This was launched in the Spring.

See Harvard Art Law Review – https://lnkd.in/eDwXktG9

The Masthead Issue contains three articles about Art Restitution;

·        ‘Tomb-Raiding: The Second-Oldest Profession?’ by the Art Law Guru, New York Attorney Leila Amineddoleh.
·        ‘Restitution of African Belongings and the Skewed Legal Perceptions of Colonialism’ by Maxim Smets.
·        ‘The Repatriation of the Tupinambá Cloak: From Looting to Homecoming’ by Wendell Leal Hossu Monteiro de Melo.

See also – Harvard Art Law Organisation – https://lnkd.in/eM34cbJu

This is major addition to academic literature in the field.

I wish the Journal every success and look forward to reading future editions.

AI – ‘The Lycian League was a democratic federation of city-states in ancient Lycia, located in southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). It was one of the earliest examples of a democratic union in history, with its structure inspiring later democratic systems. The League consisted of 23 cities, each with varying levels of representation based on size. 

Key features of the Lycian League:

• Democratic Structure:

The League was structured as a federation, with each member city retaining a degree of autonomy while participating in a federal council for matters of common concern. 

• Voting Representation:

Cities had varying voting power in the League’s assembly based on their size, with the largest cities holding three votes, medium-sized cities two, and smaller ones one. 

• Shared Governance:

The League had a federal council that oversaw matters like trade, communal lands, and marital rights. 

• Economic Cooperation:

The League fostered economic growth through standardized currency and agreements between member cities. 

• Military Cooperation:

The League’s military was composed of forces from each city, creating a more diverse and effective fighting force. 

• Legacy:

The Lycian League’s democratic and federalist principles influenced later political systems, including those of the United States, according to an archaeologist from Durham University. 

• End of the League:

The Lycian League continued to function even after Lycia became a Roman province, eventually dissolving with the Byzantine Empire in the fourth century AD.’ 

Mediators can learn several valuable lessons from Theosophy, primarily concerning empathy, selflessness, and the interconnectedness of all beings. Theosophy emphasizes inner transformation and understanding, which can enhance a mediator’s ability to facilitate constructive dialogue and resolution in conflict situations. 

Here’s a more detailed look at what mediators can gain:

1. Enhanced Empathy and Understanding:

• Theosophy promotes a deep understanding of the interconnectedness of all beings and the importance of compassion. This can help mediators connect with parties on a deeper level, fostering a sense of empathy and shared humanity. 
• By recognizing the inherent worth and potential of each individual, mediators can approach conflicts with greater sensitivity and a more open mind, potentially leading to more creative and sustainable solutions. 
• Practices like meditation, often associated with Theosophy, can help mediators develop the ability to remain calm and present, even amidst intense emotions and conflict. 

2. Deeper Insight into Conflict:

• Theosophy encourages exploring the root causes of conflict, both personal and systemic. This can help mediators move beyond surface-level issues and address the underlying needs and motivations of the parties involved. 
• By understanding the role of ego, attachment, and judgment in conflict, mediators can guide parties towards greater self-awareness and a more objective perspective on the situation. 
• Theosophical principles can help mediators identify common ground and shared interests, even in seemingly irreconcilable disputes. 

3. Cultivating Selflessness and Service:

• Theosophy emphasizes the importance of selfless service and working for the benefit of all. This can inspire mediators to approach their role with a commitment to facilitating positive change and transformation for all parties involved. 
• By letting go of personal attachments to outcomes and judgments, mediators can create a more neutral and conducive environment for dialogue and negotiation. 
• Living Theosophy involves a journey of self-transformation, which can equip mediators with the inner resources and resilience needed to navigate challenging conflicts. 

4. Expanding Awareness and Intuition:

• Theosophy encourages the development of intuition and inner wisdom. This can help mediators tune into subtle cues and unspoken needs of the parties, leading to more effective interventions. 
• Meditation and other Theosophical practices can help mediators cultivate a more expanded state of awareness, enabling them to perceive the nuances of the conflict and the potential for resolution with greater clarity. 
• This expanded awareness can also help mediators recognize the timing and flow of the mediation process, guiding them to intervene at the most opportune moments. 

In essence, Theosophy offers a framework for personal and spiritual growth that can profoundly enhance a mediator’s capacity to facilitate positive change and guide parties towards sustainable solutions in conflict. 

AI – ‘Theosophy, as a modern movement, is relatively recent, originating in the 19th century. However, its core ideas and philosophical underpinnings draw from ancient sources and traditions. While the Theosophical Society was founded in 1875, its teachings are rooted in ancient wisdom traditions like Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, and various Eastern philosophies. 

Here’s a breakdown:

• 19th Century Origins:

The modern Theosophical movement, as we know it, began with the founding of the Theosophical Society in New York in 1875 by Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott. 

• Ancient Roots:

Theosophy’s core ideas are not entirely new. The term “theosophy” itself, meaning “divine wisdom,” has roots in ancient Greek thought and has been used to describe various mystical and philosophical systems throughout history. 

• Ancient Influences:

Theosophy incorporates elements from:

• Neoplatonism: A school of Hellenistic philosophy that emphasized the transcendent nature of the One and the soul’s journey towards it. 
• Gnosticism: A diverse set of religious and philosophical systems that emphasized spiritual knowledge (gnosis) as a path to salvation. 
• Eastern Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism, particularly their esoteric aspects, are significant influences on Theosophy. 
• Other Historical Connections:

Some Theosophical ideas can also be traced to earlier groups like the Manichaeans, Bogomils, Cathari, Rosicrucians, and Freemasons, though these groups did not use the term “theosophy” in the same way. 

See also:

• The Theosophical Society in England and Wales: https://theosophicalsociety.org.uk/#:~:text=The%20Theosophical%20Society%20in%20England,individuals%20in%20their%20spiritual%20growth.
• The Science of Heaven: An Interview with Robert Temple: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TMNH1w3ZPE

AI – ‘Penrose tiles are a set of two shapes that can cover a plane without repeating, known as an aperiodic tiling. They were discovered by mathematician Roger Penrose and exhibit a unique type of symmetry and structure. Despite their lack of translational symmetry, they possess five-fold rotational symmetry and reflection symmetry. 

Here’s a more detailed explanation:

• Aperiodic Tiling:

Penrose tilings are aperiodic, meaning they don’t have a repeating pattern that can be translated to cover the entire plane. 

• Two Shapes:

The two basic shapes used in Penrose tilings are often called the “kite” and the “dart,” or sometimes “fat rhombus” and “thin rhombus”. 

• Matching Rules:

These shapes have specific matching rules that dictate how they can be placed together to form the tiling. These rules ensure that the tiling remains aperiodic. 

• Five-Fold Symmetry:

Although non-periodic, Penrose tilings often exhibit five-fold rotational symmetry around certain points, meaning the pattern looks the same when rotated by 72 degrees (360/5). 

• Golden Ratio:

The proportions of the tiles are related to the golden ratio (approximately 1.618), a mathematical constant found in nature and art. 

• Quasicrystals:

Penrose tilings are related to quasicrystals, which are materials that have ordered structures but lack the translational symmetry of typical crystals. 

• Construction:

Penrose tilings can be constructed in various ways, including using a “pentagrid” or through substitution rules. 

‘Are Penrose Tiles found in Islamic architecture?’

AI – ‘Yes, Penrose tiles, or rather, patterns highly similar to Penrose tilings, have been found in Islamic architecture, particularly in the intricate geometric designs known as “girih”. Studies suggest that these designs, predating Penrose’s work by centuries, demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of aperiodic tiling systems. 

Elaboration:

• Girih Tiles:

Islamic artisans used “girih” tiles, geometric shapes with specific matching rules, to create complex, non-repeating patterns on buildings. 

• Penrose’s Discovery:

Centuries later, British mathematical physicist Roger Penrose described similar aperiodic tilings, which were initially believed to be a new mathematical concept. 

• Prior Knowledge:

Research by Peter Lu and others indicates that Islamic artisans had already mastered the principles of these tilings, using them in their architectural designs. 

• Example:

The Darb-i Imam shrine in Iran, built in the 15th century, is one example where a near-perfect Penrose tiling was found. 

• Implications:

This discovery suggests that Islamic mathematicians and artisans possessed a deeper understanding of geometry and tiling systems than previously acknowledged, with some designs even anticipating the concept of quasicrystals. 

‘Are Penrose Tiles on the walls of the Alhambra?’

AI – ‘Yes, the walls of the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, feature intricate geometric tiling patterns known as girih patterns

. Some of these patterns share similarities in their symmetries with the aperiodic Penrose tilings, a concept developed in the West much later, in the 1970s by Roger Penrose. This suggests a potentially deeper mathematical understanding among the medieval Islamic artisans than previously believed. 

The geometric designs at the Darb-i Imam shrine in Iran, which predate Penrose’s work, are considered a “nearly perfect” example of Penrose tiling. Although not explicitly stated as being on the Alhambra’s walls, the discovery of such patterns in other medieval Islamic architecture suggests a connection to the sophisticated geometric designs in the Alhambra. 

The artisans who created the Alhambra’s tilework mastered all 17 possible plane symmetry groups, which highlights their advanced mathematical knowledge. The Alhambra’s geometric patterns also symbolized the infinite nature of life and God, reflecting Islamic beliefs.’

‘Have Penrose Tiles been found in Kazakhstan and elsewhere?’

AI . ‘Yes, Penrose tiles, or rather patterns very similar to Penrose tiles, have been discovered in Islamic architecture, including in Uzbekistan (which was part of the Timurid Empire). These patterns, known as “girih” in Islamic art, predate the formal discovery of Penrose tiling by Roger Penrose in the 1970s. While Penrose is credited with mathematically defining and analyzing this aperiodic tiling, the concept was already present in the geometric designs of Islamic artisans centuries earlier. 

More Details:

• Islamic Architecture:

Islamic art, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa, has a rich history of using intricate geometric patterns. These patterns, often found in mosques and other religious buildings, sometimes incorporate Penrose-like tiling. 

• Uzbekistan Discovery:

Peter Lou (or Lu), a physicist, famously discovered Penrose tiling on a 14th-century Madrasa (Islamic school) in Uzbekistan during a visit. He published his findings in 2007, showing that the pattern predated Penrose’s work by centuries. 

• Girih Tiles:

The specific patterns found in Islamic art are often referred to as “girih” tiles. These tiles, like Penrose tiles, exhibit aperiodicity, meaning they can cover a surface without repeating. 

• Beyond Uzbekistan:

Similar patterns have been found in other parts of the Islamic world, including Iran and Turkey, demonstrating the widespread use of these designs. 

• Topkapi Scroll:

The Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul houses a 15th-century Timurid-Turkmen scroll with a complex pattern that can be broken down into the shapes found in Penrose tiles Science News.’ 

See also – A Mysterious Design That Appears Across Millennia | Terry Moore | TED: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqUOgqlZ8bc

Roger Penrose – Forbidden crystal symmetry in mathematics and architecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th3YMEamzmw

AI – ‘Lost Sacred Knowledge” refers to knowledge that has been suppressed, forgotten, or intentionally hidden from the general public, often pertaining to spiritual, metaphysical, or esoteric wisdom. This knowledge is typically associated with ancient traditions and mystery schools, and its preservation has often been a matter of life and death for those entrusted with its care. 

Here’s a more detailed explanation:

What it is:

• Spiritual and Esoteric Wisdom:

“Lost Sacred Knowledge” often encompasses insights into the nature of reality, the human condition, and the connection between the physical and spiritual realms. 

• Ancient Mystery Schools:

This knowledge was traditionally passed down within secret societies or mystery schools, reserved for initiates who demonstrated a commitment to learning and understanding. 

• Suppression and Preservation:

Due to various factors like disasters, societal upheaval, or intentional suppression, much of this knowledge has been lost or deliberately hidden from the public eye. 

• Oral Traditions:

In the past, sacred knowledge was often transmitted orally rather than through written texts, making its preservation even more vulnerable. 

Examples and Related Concepts:

• Ancient Egypt:

Ancient Egyptian texts like the Metaphysical and Funerary Treatises and the papyrus “A Dispute Between a Man and His Ba” offer insights into their concepts of the soul and spiritual transformation, elements that were part of their sacred knowledge. 

• Mystery Schools:

These schools, like those mentioned in Dolores Cannon‘s work, were places where individuals were initiated into secret teachings and practices according to some Amazon book summaries. 

• The Inquisition:

The historical persecution of those with knowledge, such as the Gnostics and Essenes, demonstrates the lengths to which those in power went to suppress knowledge they deemed dangerous or threatening. 

• The Burning of the Library of Alexandria:

This event is a stark reminder of the potential for knowledge to be lost due to destruction and societal collapse. 

• Ancient Navigation:

The knowledge of celestial navigation used by ancient mariners to find their way across the oceans is another example of specialized knowledge that was carefully guarded and passed down. 

• Surrender and Mindfulness:

Some interpretations of “Lost Sacred Knowledge” emphasize the importance of surrender, mindfulness, and aligning with natural rhythms for personal growth and spiritual awakening. ‘

A Deep Dive – ‘The concept of “lost sacred knowledge” refers to a body of understanding that holds profound spiritual, philosophical, and/or practical significance within specific cultures, traditions, or belief systems, and is perceived to have been lost or forgotten over time. 

Reasons for the loss of sacred knowledge

• Disasters and destruction: Natural calamities and human-instigated destruction (wars, religious conflicts, etc.) have historically led to the loss of ancient scriptures, artifacts, and places of learning that housed sacred knowledge.
• Secrecy and exclusivity: In many ancient societies, sacred knowledge was deliberately kept secret and passed down orally or in exclusive settings, such as the mystery schools described in the “Search For Hidden Sacred Knowledge” book. If the lineage of knowledge keepers was broken, the knowledge could be lost.
• Societal transformation: Rapid social change, globalization, and the impact of dominant cultures can lead to the erosion of traditional knowledge systems and the abandonment of practices through which sacred knowledge was transmitted.
• Technological shifts and obsolescence: The rise of new technologies and scientific paradigms can overshadow or replace older forms of knowledge, leading to the neglect and eventual disappearance of traditional practices and the knowledge associated with them.
• Colonialism and marginalization: Colonial practices and the marginalization of indigenous communities have had a profound and lasting impact on the suppression and loss of traditional knowledge, which often includes sacred aspects. 

Examples of potentially lost sacred knowledge

• Ancient scrolls and manuscripts: The destruction of historical libraries and centers of learning, like the Library of Alexandria, undoubtedly led to the loss of irreplaceable ancient texts, notes Number Analytics.
• Indigenous ecological knowledge: Many indigenous communities possess deep, intricate knowledge of their local environments and sustainable practices, which can be threatened by the decline of indigenous languages and traditions, according to Sustainability Directory.
• Spiritual and philosophical insights: Certain ancient spiritual traditions and philosophical schools may have held insights into the nature of reality and the human experience that are now difficult to fully understand or have been distorted over time.
• Technological knowledge: Some ancient civilizations possessed advanced technologies, such as Roman concrete or Damascus steel, which were later lost and only rediscovered or understood recently, says Go Sharpener. 

Efforts to preserve sacred knowledge

• Documentation and digitization: Libraries, archives, and museums are working to document and digitize sacred knowledge, including indigenous traditions, to ensure its preservation and accessibility.
• Intergenerational knowledge transfer: Supporting and facilitating the transmission of knowledge from elders to younger generations is crucial for maintaining living traditions and the associated sacred knowledge.
• Collaboration with indigenous communities: Partnering with indigenous communities to respect their intellectual property rights, cultural protocols, and traditions is essential for the ethical preservation of their sacred knowledge.
• Respectful and sensitive handling: Individuals and institutions engaged in the preservation of sacred knowledge need to be sensitive to its cultural and spiritual significance and handle it with the care and respect it deserves.’ 

AI – ‘Yes, numerous oases existed in the Sahara Desert during antiquity and played a significant role in the region’s history and culture. These fertile areas, sustained by springs and aquifers, supported agricultural communities and facilitated trade and travel routes across the vast desert. 

Here’s a more detailed look:

• Western Desert Oases (Egypt):

The oases of Egypt’s Western Desert, like Siwa, Dakhla, Kharga, and Farafra, were particularly important in antiquity. They are mentioned in historical sources from Pharaonic and Classical periods. These oases were well-connected to the Nile Valley and thrived due to their access to water and fertile land. 

• Ghadamis (Libya):

Located on the northwestern edge of the Sahara, Ghadamis is another oasis with evidence of pre-Roman origins. It relies on natural artesian springs and has archaeological remains indicating ancient activity. 

• Southern Sahara Oases:

Oases also existed in the mountainous regions of the southern Sahara, such as the Tibesti, Ahaggar, and Aïr massifs. These areas benefited from rainfall and seasonal rivers, supporting some agriculture and pastoralism. 

• Zerzura:

A legendary oasis, Zerzura, was the subject of many tales and explorations. While its exact location remains uncertain, it is thought to have been in the western Sahara, possibly near the borders of Egypt and Libya. 

• Significance:

Oases were vital for trade and cultural exchange, acting as hubs for travelers and merchants moving across the desert. They also fostered unique cultures and agricultural practices adapted to the desert environment. 

• Archaeological Evidence:

Archaeological investigations have revealed settlements, irrigation systems, and other evidence of human activity in these oases dating back to ancient times.’ 

Q. Oases other than Siwa?

AI – ‘Yes, several other ancient oases in the Sahara were used in antiquity. Siwa Oasis in Egypt, along with the oases of Awjila, Ghadames, and Kufra in Libya, were important for trade and settlement. The Garamantian civilization in Fezzan, Libya, also relied on oases like Garama for their existence and prosperity. Additionally, oases like Kharga, Dakhla, Farafra, and Bahariya in Egypt, and those in the Tibesti and Ahaggar mountains, played significant roles in ancient times. 

Elaboration:

• Siwa Oasis:

Located in Egypt, Siwa is known for its ancient settlement and its role in trade routes. It’s also known for its Oracle of Amun, which was consulted by figures like Alexander the Great, according to Wikipedia. 

• Libyan Oases (Awjila, Ghadames, Kufra):

These oases were vital for north-south and east-west trade across the Sahara. They also influenced the Darb El Arba’īn trade route. 

• Garamantian Oases:

The Garamantes, a powerful civilization in Fezzan, Libya, thrived due to their advanced irrigation systems and oases like Garama. 

• Other Egyptian Oases:

Kharga, Dakhla, Farafra, and Bahariya were also important settlements, with evidence of agriculture dating back to the third millennium BC. 

• Mountain Oases:

Oases in the Tibesti and Ahaggar mountain ranges, while primarily used by pastoralists, also supported settlements and were vital for trade. 

• Trade Routes:

The location of these oases dictated the routes of major trade routes like the Silk Road, which relied on oasis settlements for sustenance. 

The Sahara’s oases were not just isolated havens but were crucial hubs for trade, agriculture, and the development of unique cultures and civilizations throughout history.’ 

AI – ‘While ancient civilizations in the Middle East didn’t explicitly articulate a concept of “all life on Earth interconnected” in the same way modern ecological thought does, they did recognize a deep connection between humanity and the natural world. Many believed that the divine or sacred sphere was reflected in all aspects of life and nature. For example, in ancient Egypt, Thoth, the scribe god, was seen as the archetype for mortal scribes, demonstrating a connection between the divine and the earthly realm. 

Here’s a more detailed look:

• Agency of the Gods:

Ancient Middle Eastern cultures generally viewed the gods as having agency in all aspects of life and nature. 

• Reflex of the Divine:

Everything on Earth was seen as a reflection or manifestation of its prototype in the divine or sacred sphere. 

• Creation Stories:

Creation stories, like those in the Bible, often depict humanity as created in the “image of God,” further emphasizing a connection between the divine and the human. 

• Examples from Egyptian Religion:

The example of Thoth, the scribe god, shows how mortal scribes were viewed as human reflections of the divine scribe. 

• The Tree of Life:

The concept of the tree of life, found in various religious and mythological traditions, can be seen as a symbol of interconnectedness, representing the connection between different realms and aspects of existence. 

• World Maps:

Early depictions of the world in Mesopotamian and Egyptian thought, like flat disk models, show an understanding of the world as a unified entity, with the earth surrounded by water and the sky as a dome. 

While these examples don’t explicitly state that all life is interconnected in the modern ecological sense, they demonstrate a worldview that recognizes a fundamental link between the divine, the human, and the natural world. This suggests a level of interconnectedness beyond a purely physical one, encompassing spiritual and symbolic dimensions.’