AI – ‘Symbolism in Islamic art conveys spiritual, philosophical, and theological concepts—principally divine unity (Tawhid) and infinity—without using figurative imagery. Key elements include complex geometric patterns, arabesque, and calligraphy, which transform spaces into meditative, heavenly environments. These motifs reflect the orderly nature of creation. 

• Geometric Patterns (Girih): These represent the infinite nature of Allah and the order of the cosmos. Circles symbolize God’s unity and mercy, squares represent the earthly realm (and four directions of prayer), and octagons symbolize paradise. The repetition implies that in a small element, one can find the infinite.
• Arabesque and Floral Motifs: The intricate, flowing, and repeating nature of plant-based designs signifies the eternal, life-affirming nature of the divine. Specific symbols include the tulip for sublimation and the rose for embracing religious doctrine.
• Calligraphy: As the direct representation of the Quran, script (often Quranic verses) is a primary art form, serving to remember and praise Allah.
• Light and Color: Light is a symbol of God, frequently represented through gold (enlightenment) and polished surfaces. Black is used in some traditions to represent the pre-creation stage.
• Symmetry and Order: The use of 2-fold, 4-fold, and, more complexly, 10-fold radial symmetry (often via 10-pointed stars) reflects a “hidden order” behind the visible world.
• Water: Represented in gardens and courtyards, it symbolizes life, purity, and the blessings of Paradise. 

These, alongside the 5-pointed star (unity/solidarity) and the 9-pointed star (nine heavens/stages of knowledge), form a rich, non-idolatrous language within Islamic architecture, ceramics, and textiles.’